Introduction. This article will emphasize aspects of a diagnostic approach to young adults (up to 45 years of age) with stroke as it differs from a standard approach for older adults, with emphasis on initial work-up.

Stroke in young adults is surprisingly common. The annual stroke incidence was estimated at 34/100000 in Swedish adults under 55 years of age, and 10/100000 in a Mayo Clinic study of women ages 15 to 29. Ischemic stroke is much more common than hemorrhagic, the latter comprising 12% of strokes in the Lausanne registry for patients 30 to 45 years old.1 The ubiquity of stroke in young adults and its potential for devastating consequences mean that healthcare providers must have a high index of suspicion for stroke. This is especially true when a patient’s clinical picture is not easily explained otherwise.

Etiologies. The range of potential etiologies for stroke in young adults is broader than that for older adults. (Table) Like in older adults, stroke in younger adults is typically categorized as primarily ischemic or hemorrhagic. Ischemic etiologies include cardioembolic, atherosclerotic disease, and nonatherosclerotic cerebral vasculopathies. Hemorrhagic strokes include subarachnoid and intraparenchymal types. Of particular note in young adults are stroke causes such as hematologic disorders, substance abuse, trauma, dissections, oral contraceptive use, pregnancy and postpartum states, and migraine.

Clinical Manifestations. The clinical presentations for stroke in young adults are not unique to this age group. Sudden or subacute onset of neurologic symptoms referable to the brain should suggest stroke as a potential explanation. The presence of a given stroke risk factor does not assure that it is causative. Many young patients have multiple risk factors. Detailed history and examination, oriented toward common and uncommon etiologies, are especially important. Stroke mimics in the young adult population include multiple sclerosis and malignancy.

The physical exam should include neurologic, cardiovascular, ophthalmologic and dermatologic assessments. Relevant ocular findings include corneal arcus (hypercholesterolemia) or corneal opacity (Fabry’s disease); Lisch nodules, optic atrophy (neurofibromatosis); lens subluxation (Marfan’s syndrome, homocystinuria); and retinal perivasculitis (sickle-cell disease, syphilis, connective tissue diseases, inflammatory bowel disease), occlusions (emboli), angioma (cavernous malformation), or hamartoma (tuberous sclerosis). Among dermatologic associations are splinter hemorrhages or needle tracks (endocarditis); xanthoma (hyperlipidemia); café-au-lait spots, neurofibromas (neurofibromatosis); purpura (coagulopathy); and capillary angiomata (cavernous malformation).3

One-fifth to one-third of strokes in the young may be caused by cardioembolic phenomena. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is usually indicated. Causes include congenital heart disease, valvular disease (including endocarditis) and arrhythmias. Mitral valve prolapse and patent foramen ovale are common but are typically not causes of stroke when present. An atrial septal aneurysm is less likely to be associated with stroke when found in isolation than when it occurs with other cardiac abnormalities.

Premature atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease can be symptomatic in young adults, just as atherosclerosis can begin in childhood. The symptoms and signs are similar to those for older adults.

Cervicocephalic arterial dissections can involve the extracranial internal carotid, the vertebrobasilar system, or, less commonly, the intracranial carotid system. They are associated with major or minimal trauma, chiropractic manipulation, or can occur spontaneously. Other associations include fibromuscular dysplasia, Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV, moyamoya and sympathomimetic drug abuse. Symptoms and signs may include neck pain, transient or lasting ischemia of retina, cerebral hemispheres, or posterior fossa, Horner’s syndrome, hemicranial pain, or subarachnoid hemorrhage. Extracranial ultrasound or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) may confirm the clinical impression. Often catheter angiography is required for diagnosis.

Cerebral vasculitis should be considered for cases of ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, recurrent strokes, stroke with encephalopathy, and stroke with fever, multifocal symptoms, skin abnormalities, or abnormal renal function or sedimentation rate. Infectious vasculitis (eg, with syphilis, tuberculosis, purulent meningitis), necrotizing vasculitis (eg, polyarteritis nodosa), vasculitis with collagen vascular disease (eg, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis), giant cell arteritis, and hypersensitivity vasculitis (eg, drug-induced) are seen much more often than primary central nervous system vasculitis.

Moyamoya is a noninflammatory vasculopathy associated with extensive collateral vasculature. It can present with transient ischemic attacks, headaches, hemiparesis, seizures, cerebral infarction, or hemorrhage. MRA screening is useful. Angiographic findings are distinctive and resemble in part a “puff of smoke”.4

Hypercoagulable states may be responsible for 2% to 7% of cases in young adults.4 Inherited (primary) thrombophilic disorders include entities that are recently described (hyperhomocysteinemia, factor V Leiden, prothrombin G20210A), well- established (deficiencies of antithrombin, protein S or protein C), and extremely rare (dysfibrinogenemia, thrombomodulin deficiency, heparin cofactor II deficiency).5 Acquired (secondary) causes include malignancy, pregnancy/postpartum states, oral contraceptive use and sickle-cell disease. Prior thromboembolic disease in a young patient or in family members should raise suspicion.4 Please refer to Dr. Trevarthen’s accompanying article for further information on this topic.

Cerebral venous thrombosis can cause ischemic or hemorrhagic strokes. Septic thrombosis usually occurs at the cavernous sinus as a complication of facial infection. Signs include proptosis, chemosis, and gaze palsies. Aseptic thromboses are seen disproportionately in women during pregnancy or postpartum periods, or while taking oral contraceptives. Presenting symptoms include headache, emesis, lethargy, and seizures. Papilledema may accompany focal signs.4, 6

Strokes induced by migraines are rare, considering that perhaps 20% of US adults may suffer migraines. Symptoms include persistent visual, motor, sensory or aphasic deficits, which began in the course of a typical migraine attack, where other causes are excluded. Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) syndrome and cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) are inherited causes of stroke which can include migraine as part of the clinical presentation.1, 4

Up to 45% of strokes in young adults are due to spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.4 Approximately half are lobar; one-quarter are in basal ganglia or internal capsule.7 Vascular malformations, aneurysms, hypertension, and illicit drug use are the main causes.4, 7

Investigations. The initial work-up should be as expeditious as possible to allow consideration of acute therapies, such as tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA).8 Brain computed tomography (CT) is usually the initial imaging study of choice as it is readily available and is highly sensitive for acute hemorrhage. Blood work should include a complete blood count with differential and platelet count, prothrombin time (international normalized ratio), activated partial thromboplastin time, glucose, chemistries, electrolytes, serology for syphilis, and an erythrocyte sedimentation rate.

A more detailed coagulation profile (anticardiolipin antibodies, lupus anticoagulants, protein S, protein C, activated protein C resistance, antithrombin III) is requested in patients without a firmly identified cause of stroke or if the patient or family members have a history of thromboses. It is advantageous to send such a profile prior to initiating anticoagulation, as heparin can alter interpretation of some of those assays. Therefore, consider ordering these assays at the beginning of the work-up.

Most patients should have high-quality brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and often MRA.4, 9 Where available, MRI with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and perfusion imaging (PI) is becoming standard. DWI-PI has the potential to distinguish irreversibly injured tissue from that which may be salvageable.10

Additional studies in initial screening include pregnancy testing, a chest roentgenogram, and an electrocardiogram. An echocardiogram (consider transesophageal), and extracranial (carotid-vertebral) Doppler ultrasound are routinely obtained, although often after initial antiplatelet or anticoagulation therapy is started.

Keep in mind the limitations of studies performed. CT will miss a minority of acute bleeds. MRI with DWI, quite sensitive for acute stroke, has an occasional false negative result (17 out of 782 patients in a recent study).11 Also, MRA’s resolution is not yet on par with conventional angiography.

Consider conventional angiography of cerebral and neck vessels for patients in whom dissection is suspected or in whom no other cause is found. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound can be helpful. Please see Dr. Ricci’s article in this issue for more information on neuroimaging.

Toxicologic studies are often productive, even when drug use is not acknowledged.

Other blood tests may include homocysteine, fibrinogen, antinuclear antibody, lipid panel, lipoprotein (a), serum protein electrophoresis, hemoglobin electrophoresis, and sickle-cell assay. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis is indicated for cases suspicious for infectious, vasculitic, or occult hemorrhage origins. Telemetry monitoring for arrhythmias is occasionally revealing.4

Prothrombin mutation G20210A testing is of uncertain utility in cerebrovascular disease, but may be appropriate for patients with a personal history of thromboembolic disease or family history of thrombophilia.5

A patient with one or more risk factors, such as migraine or diabetes, should be thoroughly investigated for other possibilities. The cause of stroke in young patients may remain undetermined in 20% to 30% of cases, even after a detailed work-up.4

Management. General management of ischemic8, 12, 13 and hemorrhagic14 strokes is similar to that for older adults and is beyond the scope of this article. Additional specific measures are oriented toward any underlying etiology found.4, 15 Primary16 and secondary17 preventive measures have recently been reviewed.

Prognosis. The outcome of stroke in young adults is better than that for older adults. In a recent study of 330 patients with first stroke or transient ischemic attack, followed for an average of 96 months, 8% died, 3% had another stroke, and 3% had a myocardial infarction. Approximately 16% were dependent, but 56% had returned to work. Unfortunately, only a minority of those who smoked at the time of their stroke subsequently stopped using tobacco.18 The overall annual recurrence rate is less than 1%.1 Prognosis is often closely associated with the underlying cause. A relatively good outcome may be found after many cases of arterial dissection. Risk of stroke recurrence is low (2% over 5 years) in women whose first stroke occurred in pregnancy.19

Conclusion. Strokes in young adults make up a significant proportion of strokes in general. A thorough investigation is recommended, looking into a broad array of potential etiologies, common and uncommon. Management is similar overall to that for older adults, with some aspects of treatment dictated by specific causes found. Health care providers must stress prevention with all of their young adult patients, especially those with identifiable risk factors. The potential for devastation is great in any case of stroke but prognosis in this population is better than that for older adults.

Source : http://www.thecni.org/reviews/11-2-p03-marcoux.htm

The vast majority of scientific studies have shown that abortion causes an increase in breast cancer, including 16 out of 17 statistically significant studies.^[5] Studies showing that abortion increases breast cancer predate the political controversy.^[6] It is undisputed that having a baby protects against breast cancer, and thus early termination of pregnancy must increase the risk of cancer for the mother compared to carrying that same pregnancy to birth. Yet the abortion industry conceals this increased risk, just as the tobacco industry concealed its cancer risk for decades.

Dr. Janet Daling, who considers herself supportive of a right to perform abortions, brought the abortion-breast cancer link into the mainstream with her federally funded research on the topic. Her report, released in 1994, found a 50% increase in breast cancer risk due to induced abortion.^[7][8] She said, “I have three sisters with breast cancer and I resent people messing with the scientific data to further their own agenda, be they pro-choice or pro-life. I would have loved to have found no association between breast cancer and abortion, but our research is rock solid and our data is accurate.”^[9] Similarly, an early study published in Japan in 1957 showed that women who have abortions have a much higher risk of breast cancer than those who decide to keep their baby.^[10]

In a peer-reviewed medical journal, Karen Malec observed that:^[11]

Thirty-eight epidemiological studies exploring an independent link [between abortion and] breast cancer have been published. Twenty-nine report risk elevations. Thirteen out of 15 American studies found risk elevations. Seventeen studies are statistically significant, 16 of which report increased risk.

Dr. Angela Lanfranchi, M.D., F.A.C.S., a specialist in breast cancer, has explained the physiology and epidemiology of the abortion-breast cancer link. She made the following observation:^[12]

This past August in Minneapolis, Patrick Carroll, director of the Pension and Population Research Institute of London, presented a paper to the largest gathering of statisticians in North America. He showed that abortion was the best predictor of breast cancer in Britain. Breast cancer is the only cancer in Britain which has its highest incidence and mortality rate among the upper rather than lower social classes. Abortion before a full term pregnancy and late pregnancy were the best explanations for this incidence. He also found that there had been a 70% increase risk of breast cancer between 1971 and 2002 and that for women between 50 and 54 years of age incidence was highly correlated with abortion.

Demographic evidence of abortion causing breast cancer includes the following. Breast cancer rates are far lower in Western countries that prohibited abortion than in those that promoted it. Ireland, which virtually bans abortion, reportedly has a lifetime rate of breast cancer of only 1 in 13, nearly half the rate of 1 in 7.5 in the United States.^[13] The rate of breast cancer increases steadily as one travels from Ireland, where abortion is illegal, to Northern Ireland, where abortion is legal but rare, to England, where abortion is common. ^[14]

In Romania, abortion was illegal under two decades of rule by the dictator Nicolae Ceausescu, and the country enjoyed one of the lowest breast cancer rates in the entire world during that time, far lower than comparable Western countries. Romania’s breast cancer rate was an astounding one-sixth the rate of the United States.^[15] But after the execution of Ceausescu on Christmas Day, 1989, Romania has taken the opposite approach, embracing abortion to the point that Romania now has one of the highest abortion rates in the world.^[16] One Romanian observer decried, “The liberalization of abortions in Romania in 1990, the significant increase of the number of abortions at relatively short intervals, determined a rise in the incidence of breast and uterine cervix cancer in my country.”^[17]

Studies on rats, which is accepted method for identifying what causes cancer in humans, confirm that abortion does indeed cause cancer. As Dr. Joel Brind observed, “Researchers also widely admit to the biological plausibility of abortion as an independent cause of breast cancer, through the estrogen-mediated stimulation of breast growth in the absence of differentiation. This was demonstrated experimentally in rats in the landmark experiments of Russo and Russo.”^[18] Additional scientific information on the abortion-breast cancer link is available here.

An expert (Dr. Lynn Rosenberg) hired to defend abortion felt compelled to admit, under cross-examination, that a woman who increases her risk for breast cancer by having an abortion compared to carrying her pregnancy to childbirth:^[19]

Question by the attorney ‘So in other words, a woman who finds herself pregnant at age 15 will have a higher breast cancer risk if she chooses to abort that pregnancy, than if she carries the pregnancy to term, (is that) correct?’

Dr. Lynn Rosenberg, ‘Probably, yes.’

Question: ‘Looking at that another way, let’s compare two women. Let’s say both got pregnant at age 15–one terminates the pregnancy, but the other carries the pregnancy to term. And both women go on to get married and have two kids, say, at age 30 and age 35. Is the risk of breast cancer higher for the woman who had an abortion at age 15 or the woman who had a baby at age 15, all other things being equal?’

Dr. Lynn Rosenberg: ‘It’s probably higher for the one who had an abortion at age 15.’

For information disputing the National Cancer Institute’s position on the abortion and breast cancer issue see: National Cancer Institute on Abortion

Premature Birth and Abortion

“At least 49 studies have demonstrated a statistically significant increase in premature births (PB) or low birth weight (LBW) risk in women with prior induced abortions (IAs).”^[20] Premature birth tragically causes brain damage, and an array of other severe, lifelong injuries ranging from Cerebral Palsy to blindness, and few mothers would knowingly increase the risk of that happening. “There are at least seventeen (17) studies that have found that previous induced abortions increase preterm birth risk” and thereby increase debilitating Cerebral Palsy in children.”^[21]

Researchers Rooney and Calhoun observed:^[22]

Large studies have reported a doubling of [early premature birth] EPB risk from two prior IAs. Women who had four or more IAs experienced, on average, nine times the risk of [extremely early premature births] XPB, an increase of 800 percent. These results suggest that women contemplating IA should be informed of this potential risk to subsequent pregnancies, and that physicians should be aware of the potential liability and possible need for intensified prenatal care.

Demographic evidence of how abortion increases premature birth includes the following:

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): “[T]he abortion rate for black women has been approximately three times as high as that for white women (range: 2.6–3.1) since 1991″^[23]

Science Daily’s report on a study by the Washington University School of Medicine: “African-American women are three times more likely to deliver babies three to 17 weeks prematurely than Caucasian women”^[24]

The rate of premature birth is elevated by the same amount as the abortion rate, as expected if abortion increases the risk of premature birth.

Other Health Risks from Abortion

A study published in the Southern Medical Journal observed that there are higher death rates association with women who have abortion, and that these higher death rates persist over time and across socioeconomic boundaries.^[25]

A study New Zealand study found that abortion in young women may be associated with increased risks of mental health problems.^[26] The researcher in this study, who was not pro-life, was shaken by the study and had to go to four journals before he could find one who would publish it. ^[27]

The study concludes with the following statement:

These findings are inconsistent with the current consensus on the psychological effects of abortion. In particular, in its 2005 statement on abortion, the American Psychological Association concluded that “well-designed studies of psychological responses following abortion have consistently shown that risk of psychological harm is low…the percentage of women who experience clinically relevant distress is small and appears to be no greater than in general samples of women of reproductive age” (American Psychological Association, 2005). This relatively strong conclusion about the absence of harm from abortion was based on a relatively small number of studies which had one or more of the following limitations: a) absence of comprehensive assessment of mental disorders; b) lack of comparison groups; and c) limited statistical controls. Furthermore, the statement appears to disregard the findings of a number of studies that had claimed to show negative effects for abortion (Cougle et al., 2003; Gissler et al., 1996; Reardon & Cougle, 2002). ^[28]

Professor David Fergusson, lead author of the New Zealand study stated:

It borders on scandalous that one of the most common surgical procedures performed on young women is so poorly researched and evaluated. If this were Prozac or Vioxx, reports of associated harm would be taken much more seriously with more careful research and monitoring procedures.” ^[29]

Another study published in the OB/GYN Survey detailed long-term physical and psychological health consequences of induced abortions.^[30]

Suicide rates among women who had abortions are six times higher than women who gave birth in the prior year.^[31] Overall, deaths from suicide, homicide and accidents were 248% higher after an abortion, as found by a 13-year study in Finland of its entire population.^[32]

In the United States, only one state (Missouri) requires that the abortionist have admitting privileges at a hospital within 30 miles of the abortion.^[33] In the other 49 states, an abortion patient can and often is left without prompt medical care by the treating physician.

One of the largest abortion providers in the United States, the Metropolitan Medical Associates of New Jersey, was shut down in 2007 by state health officials after one of its botched abortions left a 20-year-old woman in a coma for more than four weeks. She “became severely ill following the abortion and was transferred to Newark Beth Israel Medical Center where she needed blood transfusions and had her uterus removed. She also suffered a stroke due to the serious blood loss and had one of her lungs collapse.”^[34] The State of New Jersey had shut down the same facility in 1993 also.^[35]

Abortion Alternatives

Optionline provides consultants that connects individuals to nearby pregnancy centers that offer the following services: free pregnancy tests and pregnancy information; abortion and morning after pill information, including procedures and risks; medical services, including STD tests; early ultrasounds and pregnancy confirmation; and confidential pregnancy options. ^[36] In addition, some of these centers provide information regarding free housing to women who are facing housing concerns.^[37]

The Liberty Godparent Foundation is a Christian organization focused on improving the lives of unwed pregnant teens, babies and adoptive families by providing two alternatives, The Liberty Godparent Maternity Home and Family Life Services Adoption Agency.^[38]

Political Action Committees

The most powerful political action committee (PAC) is EMILY’s List.^[39]. EMILY’s List contributes money to Democratic candidates who support abortion-on-demand, including forced taxpayer funding of abortion. EMILY’s List candidates also oppose regulations such as:

providing health information to abortion patients;

requiring that the abortionist have admitting privileges at a nearby hospital in case there is a complication; and

providing parental notification if the patient is a teenager.

Due to the influence of the abortion industry and EMILY’s List, nearly every Democratic presidential candidate and senatorial candidate supports abortion-on-demand. “EMILY’s List, the nation’s largest political action committee, continues to be the dominant financial resource for Democratic candidates,” its above-referenced website declares.

There is no comparably funded organization opposing abortion, because there are no monetary rewards to defending human life. Instead, candidates and supporters who oppose abortion are motivated by religious and ethical principles.

Legal History of Abortion in the United States

Prior to 1973 abortion was illegal in most of the United States, though a few states (such as Hawaii and New York) allowed it with restrictions.^[40] The U.S. Supreme Court’s 1973 Roe v. Wade^[41] decision ruled that abortions are lawful under the U.S. Constitution up to the point at which the fetus becomes able to survive outside the womb, and an accompanying decision issued the same day captioned Doe v. Bolton essentially legalized abortion in the unlimited discretion of the abortionist at any time during pregnancy, up to and including birth. Conservatives immediately criticized these decisions as examples of Judicial Activism.

Abortion Industry and Charges of Targeting Minority Communities

According to writer George Grant, the author of Killing Angel:

“During the 1980s when Planned Parenthood shifted its focus from community-based clinics to school-based clinics, it again targeted inner-city minority neighborhoods…Of the more than 100 school-based clinics that have opened nationwide in the last decade [1980s], none has been at substantially all-white schools….None has been at suburban middle-class schools. All have been at black, minority or ethnic schools.” ^[42]

Planned Parenthood itself reported that its abortions on minorities in 1991 was 42.7% of its total abortions. ^[43]. However, during that time period, minorities comprised only 19.7% of the U.S. population.^[44]

According to Cybercast News Service: “An analysis by the Cybercast News Service compared the location of Planned Parenthood abortion clinics with population data from the U.S. Census in 2000. The results appear to bolster the charge that the organization targets black communities.”^[45]

Source : http://www.conservapedia.com/Abortion

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In the year 2004 our company took an important step to start our business by publishing “PULSA Tabloid“ for the needs of the Telecommunication Industry Market, and had accomplished second place most read tabloid of the year 2007 – nationwide.
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Verses and Valentine greetings were popular as far back as the Middle Ages, when lovers said or sang their valentines. Written valentines began to appear after 1400. The oldest “valentine” in existence was made in the 1400′s and is in the British Museum.

Paper valentines were exchanged in Europe where they were given in place of valentine gifts. Paper valentines were especially popular in England. Early valentines were made by hand and were made with colored paper, watercolors, and colored inks.

There were many different types of handmade valentines, including:

Acrostic valentines: had verses in which the first lines spelled out the loved one’s name.

Cutout valentines: made by folding the paper several times and then cutting out a lacelike design with small, sharp, pointed scissors.

Pinprick valentines: made by pricking tiny holes in a paper with a pin or needle. creating the look of lace.

Theorem or Poonah valentines: designs that were painted through a stencil cut in oil paper, a style that came from the Orient.

Rebus valentines: verses in which tiny pictures take the place of some of the words. (an eye would take the place of the word I).

Puzzle Purse valentines: a folded puzzle to read and refold. Among their many folds were verses that had to be read in a certain order.

Fraktur valentines: had ornamental lettering in the style of illuminated manuscripts of the Middle Ages.

site info : http://www.holidays.net/amore/valcard.htm

One legend contends that Valentine was a priest who served during the third century in Rome. When Emperor Claudius II decided that single men made better soldiers than those with wives and families, he outlawed marriage for young men — his crop of potential soldiers. Valentine, realizing the injustice of the decree, defied Claudius and continued to perform marriages for young lovers in secret. When Valentine’s actions were discovered, Claudius ordered that he be put to death.

Other stories suggest that Valentine may have been killed for attempting to help Christians escape harsh Roman prisons where they were often beaten and tortured.

According to one legend, Valentine actually sent the first ‘valentine’ greeting himself. While in prison, it is believed that Valentine fell in love with a young girl — who may have been his jailor’s daughter — who visited him during his confinement. Before his death, it is alleged that he wrote her a letter, which he signed ‘From your Valentine,’ an expression that is still in use today. Although the truth behind the Valentine legends is murky, the stories certainly emphasize his appeal as a sympathetic, heroic, and, most importantly, romantic figure. It’s no surprise that by the Middle Ages, Valentine was one of the most popular saints in England and France.

While some believe that Valentine’s Day is celebrated in the middle of February to commemorate the anniversary of Valentine’s death or burial — which probably occurred around 270 A.D — others claim that the Christian church may have decided to celebrate Valentine’s feast day in the middle of February in an effort to ‘christianize’ celebrations of the pagan Lupercalia festival. In ancient Rome, February was the official beginning of spring and was considered a time for purification. Houses were ritually cleansed by sweeping them out and then sprinkling salt and a type of wheat called spelt throughout their interiors. Lupercalia, which began at the ides of February, February 15, was a fertility festival dedicated to Faunus, the Roman god of agriculture, as well as to the Roman founders Romulus and Remus.

To begin the festival, members of the Luperci, an order of Roman priests, would gather at the sacred cave where the infants Romulus and Remus, the founders of Rome, were believed to have been cared for by a she-wolf or lupa. The priests would then sacrifice a goat, for fertility, and a dog, for purification.

The boys then sliced the goat’s hide into strips, dipped them in the sacrificial blood and took to the streets, gently slapping both women and fields of crops with the goathide strips. Far from being fearful, Roman women welcomed being touched with the hides because it was believed the strips would make them more fertile in the coming year. Later in the day, according to legend, all the young women in the city would place their names in a big urn. The city’s bachelors would then each choose a name out of the urn and become paired for the year with his chosen woman. These matches often ended in marriage. Pope Gelasius declared February 14 St. Valentine’s Day around 498 A.D. The Roman ‘lottery’ system for romantic pairing was deemed un-Christian and outlawed. Later, during the Middle Ages, it was commonly believed in France and England that February 14 was the beginning of birds’ mating season, which added to the idea that the middle of February — Valentine’s Day — should be a day for romance. The oldest known valentine still in existence today was a poem written by Charles, Duke of Orleans to his wife while he was imprisoned in the Tower of London following his capture at the Battle of Agincourt. The greeting, which was written in 1415, is part of the manuscript collection of the British Library in London, England. Several years later, it is believed that King Henry V hired a writer named John Lydgate to compose a valentine note to Catherine of Valois.

In Great Britain, Valentine’s Day began to be popularly celebrated around the seventeenth century. By the middle of the eighteenth century, it was common for friends and lovers in all social classes to exchange small tokens of affection or handwritten notes. By the end of the century, printed cards began to replace written letters due to improvements in printing technology. Ready-made cards were an easy way for people to express their emotions in a time when direct expression of one’s feelings was discouraged. Cheaper postage rates also contributed to an increase in the popularity of sending Valentine’s Day greetings. Americans probably began exchanging hand-made valentines in the early 1700s. In the 1840s, Esther A. Howland began to sell the first mass-produced valentines in America.

According to the Greeting Card Association, an estimated one billion valentine cards are sent each year, making Valentine’s Day the second largest card-sending holiday of the year. (An estimated 2.6 billion cards are sent for Christmas.)

Approximately 85 percent of all valentines are purchased by women. In addition to the United States, Valentine’s Day is celebrated in Canada, Mexico, the United Kingdom, France, and Australia.

Valentine greetings were popular as far back as the Middle Ages (written Valentine’s didn’t begin to appear until after 1400), and the oldest known Valentine card is on display at the British Museum. The first commercial Valentine’s Day greeting cards produced in the U.S. were created in the 1840s by Esther A. Howland. Howland, known as the Mother of the Valentine, made elaborate creations with real lace, ribbons and colorful pictures known as “scrap”.

Special thanks to American Greetings.

site info : http://www.history.com/minisite.do?content_type=Minisite_Generic&content_type_id=882&display_order=1&mini_id=1084

Congratulations to Bannister and Nykko, whose first book, Les enfants d’ailleurs, has been nominated for this year’s « Essentiel Jeunesse » (”Essential Youth”) prize of the Angoulême International Comics Festival, a very high honour indeed! They are in some extremely good company, with some the best comics and cartoonists from around the world.

Find out more about the award and the nominees at the Angoulême Festival’s website. This year’s Festival is being held from the 24th to the 27th of January.

site info : www.flightcomics.com

Advertisements can also be seen on the seats of grocery carts, on the walls of an airport walkway, on the sides of buses, heard in telephone hold messages and in-store public address systems. Advertisements are usually placed anywhere an audience can easily and/or frequently access visuals and/or audio.

Some organizations which frequently spend large sums of money on advertising but do not strictly sell a product or service to the general public include: political parties, interest groups, religion-supporting organizations, and militaries looking for new recruits. Additionally, some non-profit organizations are not typical advertising clients and rely upon free channels, such as public service announcements.

Advertising spending has increased dramatically in recent years. In the United States alone in 2006, spending on advertising reached $155 billion, reported TNS Media Intelligence. That same year, according to a report titled Global Entertainment and Media Outlook: 2006-2010 issued by global accounting firm PricewaterhouseCoopers, worldwide advertising spending was $385 billion. The accounting firm’s report projected worldwide advertisement spending to exceed half-a-trillion dollars by 2010.

While advertising can be seen as necessary for economic growth, it is not without social costs. Unsolicited Commercial Email and other forms of spam have become so prevalent as to have become a major nuisance to users of these services, as well as being a financial burden on internet service providers.^[1] Advertising is increasingly invading public spaces, such as schools, which some critics argue is a form of child exploitation.

HistoryCommercial messages and political campaign displays have been found in the ruins of ancient Arabia. Egyptians used papyrus to create sales messages and wall posters, while lost-and-found advertising on papyrus was common in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Wall or rock painting for commercial advertising is another manifestation of an ancient advertising form, which is present to this day in many parts of Asia, Africa, and South America. The tradition of wall painting can be traced back to Indian rock-art paintings that date back to 4000 BCE.^[4] As printing developed in the 15th and 16th century, advertising expanded to include handbills. In the 17th century advertisements started to appear in weekly newspapers in England. These early print advertisements were used mainly to promote: books and newspapers, which became increasingly affordable with advances in the printing press; and medicines, which were increasingly sought after as disease ravaged Europe. However, false advertising and so-called “quack” advertisements became a problem, which ushered in the regulation of advertising content.

Edo period advertising flyer from 1806 for a traditional medicine called Kinseitan

As the economy expanded during the 19th century, advertising grew alongside. In the United States, the success of this advertising format eventually led to the growth of mail-order advertising. In 1841, the first advertising agency was established by Volney Palmer in Boston. At first, agencies were brokers for advertisement space in newspapers. N. W. Ayer & Son was the first full-service agency to assume responsibility for advertising content. N.W. Ayer opened in 1875, and was located in Philadelphia. At the turn of the century, there were few career choices for women in business; however, advertising was one of the few. Since women were responsible for most of the purchasing done in their household, advertisers and agencies recognised the value of women’s insight during the creative process. In fact, the first American advertising to use a sexual sell was created by a woman – for a soap product. Although tame by today’s standards, the advertisement featured a couple with the message “The skin you love to touch”.

A print advertisement for the 1913 issue of the Encyclopædia Britannica

When radio stations began broadcasting in the early 1920s, the programs were however nearly exploded. This was so because the first radio stations were established by radio equipment manufacturers and retailers who offered programs in order to sell more radios to consumers. As time passed, many non-profit organizations followed suit in setting up their own radio stations, and included: schools, clubs and civic groups.^[5] When the practice of sponsoring programs was popularised, each individual radio program was usually sponsored by a single business in exchange for a brief mention of the business’ name at the beginning and end of the sponsored shows. However, radio station owners soon realised they could earn more money by selling sponsorship rights in small time allocations to multiple businesses throughout their radio station’s broadcasts, rather than selling the sponsorship rights to single businesses per show. This practice was carried over to television in the late 1940s and early 1950s. A fierce battle was fought between those seeking to commercialise the radio and people who argued that the radio spectrum should be considered a part of the commons – to be used only non-commercially and for the public good. The United Kingdom pursued a public funding model for the BBC, originally a private company but incorporated as a public body by Royal Charter in 1927. In Canada, advocates like Graham Spry were likewise able to persuade the federal government to adopt a public funding model. However, in the United States, the capitalist model prevailed with the passage of the 1934 Communications Act which created the Federal Communications Commission.^[6] To placate the socialists, the U.S. Congress did require commercial broadcasters to operate in the “public interest, convenience, and necessity”.^[7] Nevertheless, public radio does exist in the United States of America. In the early 1950s, the Dumont television network began the modern trend of selling advertisement time to multiple sponsors. Previously, Dumont had trouble finding sponsors for many of their programs and compensated by selling smaller blocks of advertising time to several businesses. This eventually became the norm for the commercial television industry in the United States. However, it was still a common practice to have single sponsor shows, such as the U.S. Steel Hour. In some instances the sponsors exercised great control over the content of the show – up to and including having one’s advertising agency actually writing the show. The single sponsor model is much less prevalent now, a notable exception being the Hallmark Hall of Fame.

The 1960s saw advertising transform into a modern approach in which creativity was allowed to shine, producing unexpected messages that made advertisements more tempting to consumers’ eyes. The Volkswagen ad campaign–featuring such headlines as “Think Small” and “Lemon” (which were used to describe the appearance of the car)–ushered in the era of modern advertising by promoting a “position” or “unique selling proposition” designed to associate each brand with a specific idea in the reader or viewer’s mind. This period of American advertising is called the Creative Revolution and its poster boy was Bill Bernbach who helped create the revolutionary Volkswagen ads among others. Some of the most creative and long-standing American advertising dates to this incredibly creative period.

Public advertising on Times Square, New York City.

The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the introduction of cable television and particularly MTV. Pioneering the concept of the music video, MTV ushered in a new type of advertising: the consumer tunes in for the advertising message, rather than it being a byproduct or afterthought. As cable and satellite television became increasingly prevalent, specialty channels emerged, including channels entirely devoted to advertising, such as QVC, Home Shopping Network, and ShopTV.

Marketing through the Internet opened new frontiers for advertisers and contributed to the “dot-com” boom of the 1990s. Entire corporations operated solely on advertising revenue, offering everything from coupons to free Internet access. At the turn of the 21st century, a number of websites including the search engine Google, started a change in online advertising by emphasizing contextually relevant, unobtrusive ads intended to help, rather than inundate, users. This has led to a plethora of similar efforts and an increasing trend of interactive advertising.

The share of advertising spending relative to GDP has changed little across large changes in media. For example, in the U.S. in 1925, the main advertising media were newspapers, magazines, signs on streetcars, and outdoor posters. Advertising spending as a share of GDP was about 2.9%. By 1998, television and radio had become major advertising media. Nonetheless, advertising spending as a share of GDP was slightly lower — about 2.4%.[1]

A recent advertising innovation is “guerrilla promotions“, which involve unusual approaches such as staged encounters in public places, giveaways of products such as cars that are covered with brand messages, and interactive advertising where the viewer can respond to become part of the advertising message. This reflects an increasing trend of interactive and “embedded” ads, such as via product placement, having consumers vote through text messages, and various innovations utilizing social networking sites (e.g. MySpace).

Paul McManus, the Creative Director of TBWAEurope in the late 90′s summed up advertising as being “…all about understanding. Understanding of the brand, the product or the service being offered and understanding of the people (their hopes and fears and needs) who are going to interact with it. Great advertising is the creative expression of that understanding.”^{[citation needed]}

Don Sheelan, Regina CEO argues that; “the most important objective of any advertising is building brand awareness.”

Branding

Although advertising has existed for a long time, explicit “branding” is a product of the late 1800s. Because of the prevalence of dangerous products and unregulated industries of the Industrial Revolution, brands were introduced to increase the reputation and value of a particular manufacturer. An identified brand often meant safety and quality and led to popularity.

Mobile Billboard Advertising

Mobile Billboards are flat-panel campaign units in which their sole purpose is to carry advertisements along dedicated routes selected by clients prior to the start of a campaign. Mobile Billboard companies do not typically carry third-party cargo or freight. Mobile displays are used for various situations in metropolitan areas throughout the world, including:

• Target advertising
• One day, and long term campaigns
• Convention
• Sporting events
• Store openings or other similar promotional events
• Big advertisements from smaller companies

Public service advertising

The same advertising techniques used to promote commercial goods and services can be used to inform, educate and motivate the public about non-commercial issues, such as AIDS, political ideology, energy conservation, religious recruitment, and deforestation.

Advertising, in its non-commercial guise, is a powerful educational tool capable of reaching and motivating large audiences. “Advertising justifies its existence when used in the public interest – it is much too powerful a tool to use solely for commercial purposes.” – Attributed to Howard Gossage by David Ogilvy

Public service advertising, non-commercial advertising, public interest advertising, cause marketing, and social marketing are different terms for (or aspects of) the use of sophisticated advertising and marketing communications techniques (generally associated with commercial enterprise) on behalf of non-commercial, public interest issues and initiatives.

In the United States, the granting of television and radio licenses by the FCC is contingent upon the station broadcasting a certain amount of public service advertising. To meet these requirements, many broadcast stations in America air the bulk of their required Public Service Announcements during the late night or early morning when the smallest percentage of viewers are watching, leaving more day and prime time commercial slots available for high-paying advertisers.

Public service advertising reached its height during World Wars I and II under the direction of several governments. Now in days, people average around 500 advertisements a day, found one researcher.

Type Of Advertising

Media

Commercial advertising media can include wall paintings, billboards, street furniture components, printed flyers and rack cards, radio, cinema and television ads, web banners, mobile telephone screens, shopping carts, web popups, skywriting, bus stop benches, human directional, magazines, newspapers, town criers, sides of buses or airplanes (“logojets“), taxicab doors, roof mounts and passenger screens, musical stage shows, subway platforms and trains, elastic bands on disposable diapers, stickers on apples in supermarkets, the opening section of streaming audio and video, posters, and the backs of event tickets and supermarket receipts. Any place an “identified” sponsor pays to deliver their message through a medium is advertising.

Another way to measure advertising effectiveness is known as ad tracking. This advertising research methodology measures shifts in target market perceptions about the brand and product or service. These shifts in perception are plotted against the consumers’ levels of exposure to the company’s advertisements and promotions.The purpose of Ad Tracking is generally to provide a measure of the combined effect of the media weight or spending level, the effectiveness of the media buy or targeting, and the quality of the advertising executions or creative. Ad Tracking Article

See also Advertising media scheduling and Advertising-free media

Covert advertising

Main article: Product placement

Covert advertising is when a product or brand is embedded in entertainment and media. For example, in a film, the main character can use an item or other of a definite brand, as in the movie Minority Report, where Tom Cruise‘s character John Anderton owns a phone with the Nokia logo clearly written in the top corner, or his watch engraved with the Bulgari logo. Another example of advertising in film is in I, Robot, where main character played by Will Smith mentions his Converse shoes several times, calling them “classics,” because the film is set far in the future. I, Robot and Spaceballs also showcase futuristic cars with the Audi and Mercedes-Benz logos clearly displayed on the front of the vehicles. Cadillac chose to advertise in the movie The Matrix Reloaded, which as a result contained many scenes in which Cadillac cars were used. Similarly, product placement for Omega Watches, Ford, Vaio, BMW and Aston-Martin cars are featured in recent James Bond films, most notably, Casino Royale.

Television commercials

Main article: Television advertisement

The TV commercial is generally considered the most effective mass-market advertising format, as is reflected by the high prices TV networks charge for commercial airtime during popular TV events. The annual Super Bowl football game in the United States is known as the most prominent advertising event on television. The average cost of a single thirty-second TV spot during this game has reached $2.7 million (as of 2007).

Virtual advertisements may be inserted into regular television programming through computer graphics. It is typically inserted into otherwise blank backdrops[2] or used to replace local billboards that are not relevant to the remote broadcast audience[3]. More controversially, virtual billboards may be inserted into the background[4] where none existing in real-life. Virtual product placement is also possible[5] [6].

Newer media and advertising approaches

Increasingly, other media are overtaking television because of a shift towards consumer’s usage of the internet as well as devices such as TiVo.

Advertising on the World Wide Web is a recent phenomenon. Prices of Web-based advertising space are dependent on the “relevance” of the surrounding web content and the traffic that the website receives.

E-mail advertising is another recent phenomenon. Unsolicited bulk E-mail advertising is known as “spam“.

Some companies have proposed to place messages or corporate logos on the side of booster rockets and the International Space Station. Controversy exists on the effectiveness of subliminal advertising (see mind control), and the pervasiveness of mass messages (see propaganda).

Unpaid advertising (also called word of mouth advertising), can provide good exposure at minimal cost. Personal recommendations (“bring a friend”, “sell it”), spreading buzz, or achieving the feat of equating a brand with a common noun (in the United States, “Xerox” = “photocopier“, “Kleenex” = tissue, “Vaseline” = petroleum jelly, “Hoover” = vacuum cleaner and “Band-Aid” = adhesive bandage.) — these are the pinnacles of any advertising campaign. However, some companies oppose the use of their brand name to label an object. Equating a brand with a common noun also risks turning that brand into a genericized trademark – turning it into a generic term which means that its legal protection as a trademark is lost.

SMS (Short Message Service) text messages have taken Europe by storm and are breaking into the USA. The addition of a text-back number is gaining prevalence as a www address of yesterday. Used as part of your companies ‘how to contact us’ these can be very effective. These can be a (rented) keyword on a short-code or your own system on a standard number (like Mojio Messenger). The benefit of SMS text messages is people can respond where they are, right now, stuck in traffic, sitting on the metro. The use of SMS text messages can also be a great way to get a viral (word-of-mouth) campaign off the ground to build your own database of prospects see Viral marketing. Interstitial advertisement is a form of advertisement which takes place while a page loads.

From time to time, The CW airs short programming breaks called “Content Wraps,” to advertise one company’s product during an entire commercial break. The CW pioneered “content wraps” and some products featured were Herbal Essences, Crest, Guitar Hero 2, Cover Girl, and recently Toyota.

Measuring the impact of mass advertising

The most common method for measuring the impact of mass media advertising is the use of the rating point (rp) or the more accurate target rating point (trp). These two measures refer to the percentage of the universe of the existing base of audience members that can be reached by the use of each media outlet in a particular moment in time. The difference between the two is that the rating point refers to the percentage to the entire universe while the target rating point refers to the percentage of a particular segment or target. This becomes very useful when focusing advertising efforts on a particular group of people. One of the reasons advertising is successful is because it can target a particular audience to build awareness of what the advertiser has to offer.

Optimization

In an effort to improve messaging, and gain audience attention, advertisers create branding moments that will resonate with target markets, and motivate audiences to purchase the advertised product or service, advertisers copy test their advertisements before releasing them to the public. (Young, pp.15-21)

Effect on memories and behaviour

“Half the money I spend on advertising is wasted; the trouble is, I don’t know which half.” – popular quote generally attributed to either John Wanamaker or William Lever; also one of the Wrigley people from the gum company.

Billboard, New York City, (2005).The ad says, “60 days of daylight for Apartment 6F.”

The impact of advertising has been a matter of considerable debate and many different claims have been made in different contexts. During debates about the banning of cigarette advertising, a common claim from cigarette manufacturers was that cigarette advertising does not encourage people to smoke who would not otherwise. The (eventually successful) opponents of advertising, on the other hand, claim that advertising does in fact increase consumption.

According to many sources, the past experience and state of mind of the person subjected to advertising may determine the impact that advertising has. Children under the age of four may be unable to distinguish advertising from other television programs, while the ability to determine the truthfulness of the message may not be developed until the age of 8.

Over the past fifteen years a whole science of marketing analytics and marketing effectiveness has been developed to determine the impact of marketing actions on consumers, sales, profit and market share. Marketing Mix Modeling, direct response measurement and other techniques are included in this science.

Site from : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising

Manager had an interesting article on the great flood of 1942. Translations of the photo captions:
The first photo: In 1942 a heavy rain in the northeast and northwest of Thailand make a big flood and caused lots of damage to farms, field, and houses in the central, northeast and northern region. This was in September, October, and November and was one of biggest floods in the history of Thailand.
The second photo: This make Rajadamnoen Road became to be a lake.
The third photo: Also Victory Monument became a lake in 1942.
The fourth photo: Because of the big rain people traveled by boat instead car.
The fifth photo: This old man explained that at the time he was very young (15 years old) so it was very fun for him, but the adults feel grief and sadness because it caused damage to people. He also said the water level is over people’s head especially at parliament by King Rama 5 statue. People couldn’t stand so they use boats and if someone has boats they felt smart or cool and will take women to travel with. The schools were closed so the students play in water and race boats. Some people fished and could catch lots of fish. At that time the water was clean which is different than today.

source http://2bangkok.com/2bangkok/MassTransit/flood.shtml

BDV-15138-BDV

Ashling Cannon, 7, of Washington, using Webkinz, where virtual stuffed animals come to life.

Trying to duplicate the success of blockbuster Web sites like Club Penguin and Webkinz, children’s entertainment companies are greatly accelerating efforts to build virtual worlds for children. Media conglomerates in particular think these sites — part online role-playing game and part social scene — can deliver quick growth, help keep movie franchises alive and instill brand loyalty in a generation of new customers.
Second Life and other virtual worlds for grown-ups have enjoyed intense media attention in the last year but fallen far short of breathless expectations. The children’s versions are proving much more popular, to the dismay of some parents and child advocacy groups. Now the likes of the Walt Disney Company, which owns Club Penguin, are working at warp speed to pump out sister sites.
“Get ready for total inundation,” said Debra Aho Williamson, an analyst at the research firm eMarketer, who estimates that 20 million children will be members of a virtual world by 2011, up from 8.2 million today.
Worlds like Webkinz, where children care for stuffed animals that come to life, have become some of the Web’s fastest-growing businesses. More than six million unique visitors logged on to Webkinz in November, up 342 percent from November 2006, according to ComScore Media Metrix, a research firm.
Club Penguin, where members pay $5.95 a month to dress and groom penguin characters and play games with them, attracts seven times more traffic than Second Life. In one sign of the times, Electric Sheep, a software developer that helps companies market their brands in virtual worlds like Second Life and There.com, last week laid off 22 people, about a third of its staff.
By contrast, Disney last month introduced a “Pirates of the Caribbean” world aimed at children 10 and older, and it has worlds on the way for “Cars” and Tinker Bell, among others. Nickelodeon, already home to Neopets, is spending $100 million to develop a string of worlds. Coming soon from Warner Brothers Entertainment, part of Time Warner: a cluster of worlds based on its Looney Tunes, Hanna-Barbera and D. C. comics properties.
Add to the mix similar offerings from toy manufacturers like Lego and Mattel. Upstart technology companies, particularly from overseas, are also elbowing for market share. Mind Candy, a British company that last month introduced a world called Moshi Monsters, and Stardoll, a site from Sweden, sign up thousands of members in the United States each day.
“There is a massive opportunity here,” said Steve Wadsworth, president of the Walt Disney Internet Group, in an interview last week.
Behind the virtual world gravy train are fraying traditional business models. As growth engines like television syndication and movie DVD sales sputter or plateau — and the Internet disrupts entertainment distribution in general — Disney, Warner Brothers and Viacom see online games and social networking as a way to keep profits growing.
But more is at stake than cultivating new revenue streams. For nearly 50 years, since the start of Saturday morning cartoons, the television set has served as the front door to the children’s entertainment business. A child encounters Mickey Mouse on the Disney Channel or Buzz Lightyear on a DVD and before long seeks out related merchandise and yearns to visit Walt Disney World.
Now the proliferation of broadband Internet access is forcing players to rethink the ways they reach young people. “Kids are starting to go to the Internet first,” Mr. Wadsworth said.
Disney’s biggest online world is Club Penguin, which it bought in August from three Canadians in a deal worth $700 million. At the time, more than 700,000 members paid fees of $5.95 a month, delivering annual revenue of almost $50 million.
Still, one world, even a very successful one, does not alter the financial landscape at a $35.5 billion company like Disney. So Disney is pursuing a portfolio approach, investing $5 million to $10 million per world to develop a string of as many as 10 virtual properties, people familiar with Disney’s plans said.
Tinker Bell’s world, called Pixie Hollow, illustrates the company’s game plan. Disney is developing the site internally — creative executives who help design new theme park attractions are working on it — and will introduce it this summer to help build buzz for “Tinker Bell,” a big-budget feature film set for a fall 2008 release.
Visitors to a rudimentary version of Pixie Hollow, reachable through Disney.com, have already created four million fairy avatars, or online alter egos, according to Disney. The site will ultimately allow users to play games (“help create the seasons”) and interact with other “fairies.” When avatars move across the screen, they leave a sparkling trail of pixie dust, a carefully designed part of the experience.
“We wanted to come up with a way to make flying around the site feel really good,” said Paul Yanover, executive vice president and managing director of Disney Online.
Disney’s goal is to develop a network of worlds that appeal to various age groups, much like the company’s model. Preschool children might start with Pixie Hollow or Toon Town, another of Disney’s worlds, grow into Club Penguin and the one for “Cars” and graduate to “Pirates of the Caribbean” and beyond, perhaps to fantasy football at ESPN.com.
“All the stars are aligning for virtual worlds to become a mass-market form of entertainment, especially for kids and families,” Mr. Yanover said.
If virtual worlds for adults are about escaping from run-of-the-mill lives, sites for children tap into the desire to escape from the confines of reality as run by mom and dad. “I get to decide everything on Club Penguin,” said Nathaniel Wartzman, age 9, of Los Angeles, who also has a membership to a world called RuneScape.
But shopping is a powerful draw, too; most sites let children accumulate virtual points or spend their allowance money to buy digital loot. “It’s really fun to buy whatever you want inside the game,” Nathaniel said in a telephone interview. For his penguin, “like for Christmas I bought a fireplace, a flat-screen TV and a Christmas tree,” he said.
Online worlds, which typically have low overhead and fat profit margins once they are up and running, charge a monthly fee of $5 to $15 and require the adoption of an avatar. Some sites are free and rely on advertising to make money; others are advertising and subscription hybrids. Webkinz relies on the sale of stuffed animals, which come with tags that unlock digital content.
The power of the virtual worlds business was shown recently when Vivendi announced a plan to buy Activision, a publisher of video games for consoles like the Sony PlayStation 3. Vivendi owns World of Warcraft, a virtual world for adults with more than nine million members and revenue of more than $1 billion.
Still, the long-term appetite for the youth-oriented sites is unclear. Fads have always whipsawed the children’s toy market, and Web sites are no different, analysts warn. Parents could tire of paying the fees, while intense competition threatens to undercut the novelty. There are now at least 10 virtual worlds that involve caring for virtual pets.
Privacy and safety are a growing concern, particularly as companies aim at younger children. Some virtual worlds are now meant to appeal to preschoolers, using pictures to control actions so that reading is not required.
And critics are sharpening their knives. “We cannot allow the media and marketing industries to construct a childhood that is all screens, all the time,” said Susan Linn, a Boston psychologist and the director of the Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood, a nonprofit group that has complained of ads for movies on Webkinz.com.
Operators shrug off worries about fads and competition. “Are features like creating an avatar a long-term advantage for anyone? Probably not,” Mr. Yanover said. “The viability and sustainability of this business comes from the shifting behavior of kids and how they spend their leisure time.”
As for privacy and safety, companies point to a grid of controls. For instance, Neopets restricts children under 13 from certain areas unless their parents give permission in a fax. Several Neopets employees patrol the site around the clock, and messaging features are limited to approved words and phrases.
“Parents know they can trust our brand to protect kids,” said Steve Youngwood, executive vice president for digital media at Nickelodeon. “We see that as a competitive advantage.”

Source from : http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/31/business/31virtual.html?ref=technology